ADHD is characterized by difficulties in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. People with ADHD may struggle with focusing, organizing tasks, and maintaining attention in activities that are not stimulating enough, while also being prone to impulsive actions or decisions.

Dyslexia is a learning disability that affects reading and language processing. Individuals with dyslexia may have difficulty with spelling, reading fluency, decoding words, and understanding written text despite having average intelligence and adequate schooling.

Dysgraphia involves difficulties with writing, including problems with handwriting, spelling, and organizing thoughts on paper. People with dysgraphia may struggle with fine motor skills needed for writing or have trouble expressing ideas in written form.

Dyspraxia is a motor disorder that affects physical coordination and movement. Individuals may experience difficulties with tasks that require fine motor skills, such as writing or using utensils, and gross motor skills, like running or jumping.

Tourette Syndrome is characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. The tics can vary in frequency, type, and severity, and may change over time. TS can co-occur with other conditions, such as ADHD and OCD.

SPD refers to difficulties in processing and responding to sensory input, such as sounds, textures, smells, and visual stimuli. Individuals with SPD may be oversensitive (hypersensitive) or under-sensitive (hyposensitive) to sensory stimuli, leading to challenges in daily life.

NVLD is characterized by difficulties with visual-spatial tasks, motor coordination, and social interactions. However, individuals with NVLD typically have strong verbal skills and may excel in areas such as reading comprehension and rote memory.

Intellectual disabilities involve limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. These may affect communication, social skills, and daily life activities. The level of impairment can vary from mild to profound, and individuals may require varying levels of support.

Executive functioning refers to cognitive processes that help people plan, focus, remember instructions, and manage multiple tasks. A disorder in this area can affect an individual’s ability to organize, prioritize, and complete tasks effectively, often seen in ADHD, autism, and other conditions.

While not always categorized under neurodiversity, some individuals with chronic anxiety or certain anxiety disorders may experience differences in how their brains process and respond to stress, making them part of the neurodiverse spectrum.

OCD involves intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that a person feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety. Though it’s often considered a mental health disorder, its neurological components can overlap with neurodiversity, particularly in terms of brain functioning.

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve disruptions in thinking, perception, and emotions, such as delusions or hallucinations. Though often not traditionally included in neurodiversity discussions, some individuals with psychosis-related conditions may prefer this framework of understanding